Blog Post

Understanding Executive Functioning Skills

August 22, 2018

Executive skills help us regulate our behavior and allow us to execute daily tasks appropriately. Think of executive function as a chief officer of a company must do - analyze, organize, decide, and execute. Certain executive skills allow us to select and to achieve goals as well as develop problem solutions. There are patterns of strengths and weaknesses in executive skill development in all of us. However, if executive skill weaknesses are adversely impacting our performance at school or at work, it is important to address these issues so that we can succeed in an ever increasing complex world. In order to understand executive function, one must know the skills that are necessary for success. Executive functioning skills include:


  • Planning: the ability to create a roadmap to reach a goal or to complete a task
  • Organization: the ability to arrange or place things according to a system
  • Time Management : the ability to estimate how much time one has, how to allocate it, and how to stay within time limits and deadlines
  • Working Memory: the ability to hold information in mind while performing complex tasks
  • Metacognition: the ability to stand back and take an objective view of oneself; the ability to observe how you problem solve
  • Response Inhibition: the capacity to think before you act
  • Self-regulation of affect: the ability to manage emotions in order to achieve goals, complete tasks, or control and direct behavior
  • Task Initiation: the ability to begin a task without undue procrastination, in a timely fashion
  • Flexibility: the ability to revise plans in the face of obstacles, setbacks, new information or mistakes
  • Goal-directed persistence: the ability to follow through to the completion of a goal and not be put off by the demands of our competing interests
  • Sustained attention: the capacity to be paying attention to a situation on task in spite of distractibility, fatigue or boredom

Development of Executive Skills

Response inhibition, working memory, emotional control, and attention all develop early within the first 6 to 12 months of life. Children show planning skills when they find a way to get a desired object. Planning is more evident when a child walks. Between 12 and 24 months, flexibility is developed because children can react to change. Other executive skills, such as task initiation, organization, time management, and goal-directed persistence develop later, around preschool and early elementary school years. Around the time of puberty, the frontal part of the cortex of the brain matures, allowing individuals to perform higher level tasks such as analyzing, planning, organizing, adjusting, and completing task in a timely manner.

Neurological Base for Executive Skills

The neurological base for executive skills is the frontal brain systems, which includes the frontal and prefrontal cortex along with connections to adjacent areas. The prefrontal brain systems are among the last to fully develop, usually in late adolescence, and they are the final common pathway for managing information and behavior from other brain regions. A professional psychological assessment is the surest way to determine whether your child has executive function weaknesses.

What can you do to improve executive function?

Executive skill coaching is a collaborative process between a therapist and student that helps improve their executive skills. Coaching can help students set and achieve their goals, create an individual planning system, develop the skills to regulate emotions, identify strategies for enhancing strengths and acknowledging weaknesses. Students learn how to manage time and tasks, avoid distractions and temptations, and develop good work.

Christi Jones, M.Ed., LPC

Staff Therapist at The Woodlands Behavioral Health and Wellness

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